why are ripens fruit result etilent gas?

Answer : Banana and fruit type, the process proceeds chemically mature naturally. Carbohydrates in the womb flesh turned into glucose, which create a sense of sweet and tender. 

The process produces Ethylene Gas. Gas is creeping from one to another molecule to make its surroundings so well cooked. This is the basis to give Calcium carbide (Calcium Carbide), is used to assist the process of maturation. Calcium carbide, carbide we call it, when hit the water or moisture will produce Asetilin Gas. This gas in its chemical structure similar to natural Ethylene. Because this is filled with gas Asetilin, the fruit will ripen simultaneously ferment. Yes, if less ripe fruit will not as sweet as a ripe, because the content Carbohydrates - Starch substances is still lacking. Gas asetilin because light will fly and mixed with air.

  because the fruits which contain ethylene gas is natural gas, which was conceived young fruits or young. chemical structure of ethylene = acetylene gas.

 on, old fruit ethylene gas concentrations increase, in order to accelerate the ripening of fruit ...

Fruit ripening process naturally results in some natural gases like water vapor, CO2 and acetylene (carbide gas = C2H2).

Chemically into storage if the fruit is also added carbide it will spur the production of acetylene from the fruit ripening process will mean faster. Carbide (CaC2) if in the open air will react with water vapor in the air (H2O) bit by bit to produce acetylene (C2H2).

 So that makes fruit ripe hormone called ethylene gas (carbide = a trade name). Actually plants naturally produce this hormone is for fruit to ripen. However, the carbide pedagan add more fruit than normal levels for fruit to mature faster.

Use of this carbide does not cause negative impacts. Levels of vitamins and minerals do not change because the use of this carbide. This is because the carbide is a chemical that stimulates only pembntukan ethylene gas which stimulates the ripening process of fruit. In addition, no significant negative impacts to the health of consumers.
 
Why do carbon afford to form duplicate bonting 1,2,3

Answer : Carbon chains may be either a single bond, double bond, or a triple bond. Forms of carbon chains themselves are very varied, there is a straight (unbranched), there is a branching, there are open, and there is a closed (circular). Various forms of carbon chains presented in the figure below. Why carbon can form so many compounds, with very varied types? Why is this not happening in the adjacent element or elements are classified with the carbon in the periodic table? BC has the electron configuration of atoms 2 4. The four valence electrons distributed on the four C atoms in a symmetrical position.  The carbon atom has four valence electrons with the atomic radii price the smallest of the atomic radius of other elements in the group IVA. It facilitates the C atom to form covalent bonds with other atoms, especially with atomic H, O, N, and halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, and I). Covalent bonds are formed to meet the octet rule. The carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds. Covalent bond formed by atoms C is more powerful than other covalent bonds, so that the carbon compounds are stable.

         The position of carbon atoms in the periodic table in the middle so it has a moderate electronegativity value (2.5). This trait causes the carbon atoms can bind atoms having electronegativity greater or even smaller. The carbon atom can have a positive oxidation state (+2, +4), negative (-2, -4), or even zero.

PETROLEUM

Petroleum is also dubbed as the black gold, is a thick liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the earth's crust. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil mines. Location of the wells is obtained after going through the process of geological studies, sediment analysis, and the structure of the source code, and various studies lainnya.Setelah, the Earth will be processed in oil refineries where oil and split the results based on the boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and pesticides obatan.Minyak Earth used to produce a wide range of goods and material human needs.

Petroleum Establishment

The process of petroleum formation is described by two theories, namely:
Inorganic Theory

Inorganic theory proposed by Berthelok (1866) which states that petroleum derived and the reaction of calcium carbide, CaC2 (and the reaction between carbonate rocks and alkali metals) and water produces acetylene which can be turned into oil at high temperature and pressure.

Alkali → CaC2 CaCO3 + HO + HC = CH → → Petroleum

Theory of Organic
Organic theory proposed by Engker (1911) which states that petroleum is formed from the weathering and decomposition of anaerobic micro-organisms (microorganisms) from marine plants in porous rocks.


Composition of Petroleum
The composition of petroleum are classified into four groups, namely:

Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)

* Known as alkanes or paraffin
* The presence of straight-chain as the main component (the highest), while the less branched chain
* Compounds authors include:

1. Methane CH4
2. ethane CH3 CH3
3. propane CH3 CH2 CH3
4. butane CH3 (CH2) 2 CH3
5. n-heptane, CH3 (CH2) 5 CH3
6. iso octane CH3 - C (CH 3) 2 CH 2 CH (CH3) 2

Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes)
* Known as alkenes
* Its existence is only slightly
Compounds constituent:

1. Ethene, CH2 CH2
2. Propene, CH 3 CH 2 CH
3. Butene, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH

Cyclic saturated hydrocarbon chain (cycloalkanes)

* Known as cycloalkanes or naftena
* Existence less than alkanes
* Compounds constituent:

1.Siklopropana
2.Siklobutana
3. Cyclopentane
4. Siklopheksana

Aromatic hydrocarbons

* Known as a series of aromatic
* Its existence as a minor component / bit
* Compound formulation:

1.Naftalena
2.Antrasena
3. Benzene
4. Toluene

Other Compounds

* Existence is very little
* Compounds that may be present in petroleum is sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and organo metallic (very small)

Petroleum Processing
Crude oil gained from drilling a thick black liquid that utilization should be processed first. Petroleum drilling in Indonesia, located on the north coast of Java (Cepu, Wonokromo, Cirebon), Sumatra (Aceh, Riau), Kalimantan (Tarakan, Balikpapan) and Irian (Papua). Petroleum processing via two stages, including:

First Processing,
At this stage do "distillation separates stratified petroleum fractions based on boiling point. Components of a higher boiling point will remain a liquid and drops down. While a lower boiling point will evaporate and rise to the top through sangkup-sangkup called sangkup bubble.

Secondary treatment,
At this stage a further process refined stratified by the following process:

1. Cracking
2. Extraction
3. Crystallization
4. cleanup of contamination


Gasoline
Gasoline composition of n - heptane and iso-octane, namely:

Substance Gasoline Additive

Tetra Ethyl Leat (TEL)

* The molecular formula Pb (C2H5) 4
* The formula

Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE)

* The molecular formula CH 3 OC (CH3) 3Tersier Amil Methyl Ether (TAME)

* The molecular formula CH 3 OC (CH3) 2 C2H5Metir Buthil Tertiary Ether (MTBE)

* The molecular formula CH3 O C (CH3) 3

Petrochemicals

Other than petroleum as a fuel as well as materials for the chemical industry is important in everyday life. Materials or products made from basic ingredients of oil and gas are called petrochemicals. Petrochemical materials can be classified: plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, pesticides, detergents, solvents, fertilizers, various types of drugs and vitamins.

Petrochemical process generally through three stages, namely:

1. Change the oil and gas into petrochemical ingredients
2. Changing the basic petrochemical materials into intermediate products, and
3. Changing the intermediate products into final products that can be utilized.

Almost all petrochemical products derived from the three basic types of materials, namely:

1. Olefin (alkene-alkene)
Olefin is the most important ethene (etilina), propene (propylene), butene (butylene) and butadiene.

CH2 = CH2 CH2 = CH - CH3

Ethylene propylene

CH3 - CH = CH - CH3 CH2 = CH - CH = CH2

Butylene butadiene

2. Aromatic (benzene and its derivatives)
Aromatic most important is benzene (C6H6), totuena (C6H5CH3) and xylene (C6H4 (CH3) 2

3. Synthesis Gas
Synthetic gas called syn-gas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). Syn-gas made from natural gas or LPG reaction through a process called reforming or partial oxidation stean.

Stean reforming reaction: CH4 (g) + H2O → CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

Partial oxidation reaction: 2CH4 (g) + O2 → 2CO (g) + 4H2 (g)

Petrochemicals from Olefins

Here are some of the petrochemical ethylene olefin with basic ingredients:

1. Polyethylene
Polyethylene is the most widely produced plastic are used as plastic bags and plastic wrappers / trash.

2. PVC
PVC is a plastic that is polivinilkiorida pipe makers (pralon).

3. Ethanol
Ethanol is an everyday material we know as the alcohol used for fuel or among other products.

Alcohol is made from ethylene:

CH2 = CH2 + H2O → CH3 - CH2OH

4. Ethylene glycol or glycols
Glycol is used as an antifreeze in a car radiator in cold climates.

Here are some of the petrochemical olefins with propylene base material.

5. Polypropylene
Polypropylene plastic is stronger than polyethylene. Type of polypropylene plastic used for plastic bags and a plastic strap.

6. Glycerol
This substance is used as an ingredient in cosmetics (moisturizers), the food industry and the materials to make explosives (nitroglycerine)

7. Isopropyl alcohol
This substance is used as the main material for petrochemical products such as acetone (a solvent, for example, to dissolve Kutek)

Petrochemical manufacturing using basic materials such as butadiene synthetic rubber is SBR (styrene-butadilena-rubber) and nylon -6.6, while those using the basic ingredients are isobutylene MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether)

Petrochemicals from Aromatic

The basic ingredients are the most important aromatics are benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). The basic ingredients are generally converted into styrene benzene, cumene, and cyclohexane

1. Styrene is used to make rubber sinetik
2. Cumene is used to make phenol, then phenol to make the adhesive
3. Cyclohexane is used primarily for making nylon
4. Benzene is used as a raw material for making detergents. The basic ingredients for toluene and xylene to make explosives (TNT), terephthalic acid (fiber fabric).

Petrochemical and gas-sinetik

Sinetik gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Several petrochemical examples of syn-gas as follows:

1. Ammonia (NH3)

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

Nitrogen gas from the air and hydrogen gas from the syn-gas. Ammonia is used to make fertilizer [CO (NH2) 2] urea, [(NH4) 2SO4]; ZA and (NH4NO3), ammonium nitrate.

2. Urea [CO (NH2) 2]

CO2 (g) + 2NH3 (g) → NH2COH4 (S)

NH2CONH4 (S) → CO (NH2) 2 (s) + H2O (g)

3. Methanol (CH3OH)

CO (g) + 2H3 (g) → CH3OH (g)

Most of the methanol is converted to formal-dehida and some are used to make fiber and fuel mixtures.

4. Formal dehida (HCHO)

CH3OH (g) → HCHO (g) + H2 (g)

Formal dehida in water known as formalin used to preserve biological preparations.

alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

Of the various chemical elements that we know .... there is an element whose scope is very broad and very deep discussion on the CARBON. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 so the number of electrons is also 6 .... with configuration 6C = 2, 4. This can be seen from the electron configuration C atom has four valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell) ..... To obtain 8 electrons (octet) in the outermost shell (valence electrons) needs 4 electrons so that each search valence electrons with the atomic electron pairs -other atom. The specificity of the carbon atom is its ability to bind to other carbon atoms forming the carbon chain. Forms of carbon rantai2 the simplest hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are composed of two elements, namely hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the number of other C atoms bonded to one C atom in the carbon chain, the C atom is divided into:
a. Primary C atom, the C atom that binds the C atom to another.b. Secondary C atom, the C atom bound to two other C atoms.c. Tertiary C atom, the C atom that binds the other three C atoms.d. Kwarterner C atoms, the atom C that bind to four other C atoms.


• primary C atom, C atom number 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (green)• secondary C atom, C atom number 2, 4 and 6 (blue)• tertiary C atom, C atom number 3 (yellow)• kwarterner C atom, C atom number 5 (red)
Based on the form of carbon chain:
• Hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons with chain = straight / open saturated (single bond / alkanes) and unsaturated (double bond / alkene or alkyne).• Hydrocarbons = alicyclic hydrocarbons with chain circular / closed (ring).• Aromatic Hydrocarbons = hydrocarbons with chain circular (ring) having a single bond between atoms C and dual alternately / alternating (conjugated)
Later in this article I discuss the limit of open-chain hydrocarbons (aliphatic) only ....Based on the existing bonds in the C chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons distinguished by:1. Alkanes (CnH2n +2)2. Alkenes (CnH2n)3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Description: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. .......
Alkanes (Paraffin)
is its hydrocarbon chain C consists of only a single covalent bonds only. often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons .... as the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule tiap2 maximum. Understanding Alkanes nomenclature is vital, as the basis for naming senyawa2 other carbon.
Properties of Alkanes1. Saturated hydrocarbons (no bond C atom duplicate so its maximum number of H atoms)2. Called paraffin as affinity groups small (little affinity)3. It is difficult to react4. Form Alkanes with a chain C1 - C4 is a gas at room temperature, C4 - C17 is a liquid at ambient temperature and> C18 is a solid at room temperature5. Boiling point is higher for C elements ... and if it increases the number of C atoms together so that branches have a lower boiling point6. Solubility properties: easily soluble in non-polar solvents7. Density rose with increasing the number of elements of C8. Is a major source of natural gas and petroleum (crude oil)General formula CnH2n +2
Homologous series alkanes
Homologous series is a group / groups of carbon compounds with the same general formula, have similar properties and between ethnic groups have different berturutannya CH2 or in other words an open chain with no branches or branches with the same number of branches.
The properties of the homologous series of alkanes:o Have similar chemical propertieso Has the same general formulao The difference between the two tribes Mr berturutannya at 14o The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point
n Formula Name
1. CH4 = methane2. C2H6 = ethane3. C3H8 = propane4. Butane C4H10 =5. C5H12 = pentane6. C6H14 = hexane7. C7H16 = heptane8. Octane C8H18 =9. C9H20 = nonana10. C10H22 = decane11. C11H24 = undekana12. C12H26 = dodecane
TATA NAME alkanes
1. Alkane name is based on the longest C chain as the main chain. If there are two or more chains are longest then selected the highest number of branches2. Branch C is a chain attached to the main chain. alkananya name written in front of the number and the name of the branch. Branch name matches the name alkanes by replacing the suffix with the suffix ana il (alkyl).3. If there are several branches of the same, then the name of the branch that is the same amount of C mentioned once but comes with a prefix that states the amount of the entire branch. The atomic number C where the branch is bound to be written as an existing branch (which is written numbers = number prefix is ​​used), which is at = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5 and so on.4. For a number of branches of C is different sorted in alphabetical order (first from methyl ethyl).5. Branch number was calculated from the end closest to the main chain with branches. If the location of the nearest branch with both starting from the same:• Branch first alphabet sequence (first of methyl ethyl)• Branches are more numerous (two first branches of the branch)
Example:What is the name idrokarbon below?


The first time we set the main chain ..... the main chain is the longest chain:


main chain is in the red box ...... Why?? you try to look at the left side, when the main chain is straight (line putus2) then sama2 will increase 2 atom C but will only lead to one branch (the part you turn down) .... whereas when we steered down there will be 2 branches (Rule No. 1). Now you try to look to the right, the explanation is more simple .... when a straight main chain (line putus2) only increased by one C atom whereas when turned down it will grow 2 atom C. So it may be a series of major chains belak-turn and not be straight ...... origin still in one continuous sequence with no branches.
The remaining carbon chain of the chain is the branch .....


look there are 3 branches namely 1 and 2 methyl ethyl branches numbering ..... we select the smallest number:
• if the end of the left side of the main chain ethyl C atom is located in the main chain and methyl number 3 is located in the main chain C atom number 2 and 6• if the end of the right of the main chain ethyl C atom is located in the main chain and methyl number 6 in the main chain C atom numbers 3 and 7
conclusions about sort of the tip of the left .....
Sequence naming: branch number - nana branch - the name of the parent chain
so his name: 3 ethyl dimethyl octane 2.6

 ethyl branch called earlier than methyl because his first name alphabetically first (alphabet "e" from the first "m"). because there are two methyl branches then simply called once plus the prefix "in" means "two". because the main chain consists of 8 main chain atom C then named: octane.
Alkanes form skeletal structures undergo condensation sometimes ..... for example:


CH3 (green) is the end of the chainCH2 (blue) is the straight-chain tenganhCH (orange color) branching threeC (red) four branching
Usefulness alkanes, as:
• Fuel• Solvents• Sources of hydrogen• Lubricants• The raw material for other organic compounds• Raw materials industry
Alkenes (Olefins)
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound that has one double bond 2 (-C = C-)
Properties of Alkenes• Hydrocarbons unsaturated double bonds• alkene called olefins (oil forming)• more active physiological properties (as sleeping pills -> 2-methyl-2-butene)• Properties with Alkanes, but more reactive• Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, peculiar smell, explosive in the air (at a concentration of 3-34%)• There is the ordinary coal gas in the process of "cracking"General formula CnH2n

NAME of alkenes
almost the same as naming Alkanes with a difference:• The main chain must contain the double bond and selected the longest. Name the major chains are also similar to alkanes by replacing the suffix-ana-ene. So the selection of the longest chain of C atoms starting from C dual to the right and left and the right and left selected the longest.• Numbers written bond position in front of the main chain and is calculated from the tip to the location of the double bond C its smallest sequence number.• Sequence number position as branch chain numbering sequence fagots main chain.Example:


calculation of C atoms in the main chain starting from the left side of the double bond bond .... there is only one option bond while the right there are two options, namely the first straight and bend down .... kedua2nya sama2 adding 4 C atoms, but when it turns produced only one first down when a straight branch while causing two branches.
So his name: 3 ethyl 4 methyl 1 pentena
1 pentena can be replaced by n-pentena or special bonds at number one should not be written .... so the name quite: pentena. Branch number equal to the number sequence sorted double bond. In question at the top of the right end ....
Uses Alkenes as:• Can be used as an anesthetic (mixed with O2)• To ripen fruit• industrial raw materials plastics, synthetic rubber, and alcohol

alkyne

an unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds having one double bond 3 (-C ≡ C-). The nature is the same as alkenes but more reactive.

General formula CnH2n-2

   Tata same name with Alkenes .... but the suffix-ene-una replaced

Uses alkyne as:

     ethyne (acetylene = C2H2) is used to weld iron and steel.
     for lighting
     Synthesis of other compounds.